<p>York Hill, near Shenandoah Junction, West Virginia is a historic property listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The original log portion of the house was built in the mid-1750s by Samuel Darke on a 360 acre tract conveyed by Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1754. The farm passed into the ownership of Colonel James Hendricks in 1762. Upon Colonel Hendricks death in 1795, the farm was sold into ownership of the Snyder family. Due to heavy tax debt, the Snyders lost the farm and Robert Hockensmith purchased it in 1939 in partnership with Milton Burr. Mr. Hockensmith later bought out Mr. Burrs share and transferred ownership of the property to his daughter, Mary Frances  Hockman, upon her marriage in 1955. Upon Ms. Hockmans death in 2007, her son, Gordon Hockman, became the current owner.</p><br>
<p>York Hill began as a farm consisting of livestock, grains, and tobacco. The Snyder&#39;s began to develop the farm as an apple/fruit orchard, and the Hockensmiths and Hockmans fully developed the commercial potential of the York Hill orchards which still operate today.</p><br>
<p>Several additions have been made to the house since its humble origins as a simple two-storied log cabin. An extended two-storied wing was added in the late 1790s to include separate living quarters for another family member. A limestone addition to the house and other various stone out-buildings were built between 1802 and 1825, including the 1812 bank barn that is host to many weddings and receptions today. The last additions, to include the stately columned-front porch and west wing, were built in 1972 by Jerry Hockman.</p><br>
<p>Tackley Farm, also known as Valley View, is a Greek Revival farmhouse near Shenandoah Junction, West Virginia. The property was leased by Michael Blue in 1777 from Colonel Richard Blackburn, the original grantee who migrated from England and acquired over 2000 acres in 1754. In 1757, Michael Blue and his brother had served with Blackburn in the foot Army of Col. Armstrong in Delaware. In 1795, Michael Blue purchased his 150 acres from Blackburns son Thomas. In 1840, Michael Blues son Joel built the present house.</p><br>
<p>The house closely resembles Belvedere, near Charles Town.</p><br>
<p>Chichester&#39;s Inn is located along Chichester Road in a wooded section of West Hills, New York, United States. It is a rare surviving example of a 17th-century inn on Long Island, mostly unchanged from its original form, although it is now used as a house. Walt Whitman, who grew up in the area, and Theodore Roosevelt were among its past patrons. In 1985 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The main house is a -story, 11-bay clapboard structure of varied fenestration and form, reflecting considerable work and expansion in the first century of its existence. There are three entrances in the main facade, two with 19th-century panelled doors and the other with a vertical plank door and strap hinges. The main entrance has a shed-roofed porch. Large chimneys rise from the roof and two one-story wings project from the rear of the house. A small porch has also been built at the east end of the house, screened from sight by surrounding vegetation.</p><br>
<p>Much original interior detail, including hardware, moldings and panelling. A unique 17th-century removable wall, complete with hinges, still exists, as does the old taproom and winding box stairs.</p><br>
<p>The 2.3-acre (920 m) lot on which the inn was built includes one contributing property. A springhouse, built in the 19th century and featuring a rubblestone foundation, clapboard siding, gabled roof and vertical plank door, is located behind the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A tavern had existed on the site since 1660, when the town board authorized Thomas Brush to build an "ordinary" on the site, in the wooded West Hills that were then sparsely settled. Twenty years later, his building burned and the Chichester family bought the land and built the beginnings of the current structure, a small -story cottage with two rooms and a bed in the attic crawl space. Throughout the 18th and early 19th century, they kept adding onto it as needed, accounting for its ramshackle shape.</p><br>
<p>The springhouse was built at that time, and that seemed to adequately serve the inn&#39;s needs. It no longer did any work other than routine maintenance, and the inn continued to be a popular local gathering spot for most of the 19th century, until the family decided to stop. Theodore Roosevelt and Walt Whitman, who grew up in the area, were among the most frequent visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Chichester family sold it in the early 20th century, and it has remained a private residence ever since. In 1980 a portion of the roof caught fire, but it has been restored to be nearly equivalent to its pre-existing condition.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Worthington House, also known as Piedmont and Quarry Banks, is an historic house located near Charles Town, West Virginia. The main house was constructed as an addition in 1784 to the original structure, which dates to circa 1735, built by Robert Worthington, who called the house "Quarry Banks - New Style" after his original home, "Quarry Banks" in England. Worthington&#39;s grandson, Thomas Worthington, eventually became the sixth governor of Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The Georgian style addition was built by Dr. John Briscoe. The house remains in the Briscoe family.</p><br>
<p>The Hermitage near Charles Town, West Virginia is historic property which includes several buildings, as well as non-contributing tennis courts and a pool. The oldest structure is a small stone cottage dating to circa 1734, making it one of the oldest buildings in West Virginia. It resembles Prato Rio in nearby Leetown, West Virginia and may date to this property&#39;s first owner, Daniel Barnett, who was a partner in the Burr Iron Works  circa 1740, the first of its kind in the state. A stone privy is also believed to be the oldest structure of its kind in the state.</p><br>
<p>The two story wooden farmhouse (incorporating an old log structure in the back) is associated primarily with the Chew family, who moved into the house from Loudoun County, Virginia in the mid-19th century, when Roger Preston Chew was three. The L-shape is due to an incorporated stone cookhouse wing. As a Virginia Military Institute cadet, Chew helped control crowds attending the execution of John Brown after his raid on nearby Harpers Ferry. Col. Roger Chew later became a distinguished Confederate artillery and cavalry officer. During the American Civil War, Chews flying artillery was engaged in more skirmishes and battles than any battery in the Confederate Army, and Col. Chew eventually commanded five battalions of two batteries.</p><br>
<p>Both Roger and his brother Robert (who also served in the Confederate light artillery), rebuilt the estate after the war&#39;s end, and the interior was extensively remodeled during the Victorian era.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, Chew married Louise Fontaine Washington, daughter of the last owner of Mount Vernon, at Blakeley. He then became an important business man in the area, as well as serving in the House of Delegates from 1882 to 1888.</p><br>
<p>Bethelem Lutheran Church is an historic stone Lutheran church located at 412 South White Street in Round Top, Texas.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Carl Siegismund Bauer, a German Texan, who also served as the head mason. The church was built from May 6 to October 28, 1866. Bauer&#39;s sons and family as well as the local citizens contributed the labor to raise the church. The sandstone was quarried from Cummins Creek bounding the church site on the west. Eastern Red Cedar from the creek bottom were harvested and hand hewn into beams for the framing timber. The side walls are reinforced by iron tie rods across the interior added in 1873 and supported by 4 exterior stone buttresses on the south side.</p><br>
<h2>Pipe organ</h2><br>
<p>A cedar pipe organ built by John Traugott Wantke, also a German Texan, was dedicated on January 13, 1867, the day the congregation was formally organized. The organ made primarily from local cedar was restored in 1966 and 1995 and it remained in use. The organ is one of the most historic in the state, the largest of six organs Wantke built, and one of three surviving. The organ received certificate number 56 from the Organ Historical Society on May 24, 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is one of the earliest stone churches built in this section of Texas and has been used for services continuously since its construction in 1866. It is the oldest Lutheran church sanctuary in Texas. The first pastor was J. Adam Neuthard. It was recorded as a Texas Historic Landmark in 1965 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 1978. The church celebrated its sesquicentennial on October 23, 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Aurora Inn is a historic building in Aurora, Cayuga County, New York. It was built in 1833 for Edwin B. Morgan, a local businessman involved in trade and shipping on Cayuga Lake. It is a contributing property in the Aurora Village-Wells College Historic District which in 1980 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Aurora Inn</h2><br>
<p>Originally named Aurora House, the Aurora Inn was built for Morgan, who operated the Morgan Store with his brothers. Aurora served as a port for shipping goods up Cayuga Lake and through the Erie Canal to New York City and other major markets. Morgan was an early investor in The New York Times and American Express and served as a director on Wells Fargo & Company. Morgan&#39;s former home, the E. B. Morgan House, a lakefront mansion designed by New York City architect Joseph C. Wells, is also in the historic district.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1840s, Willem D. Eagles purchased the Aurora Inn. Oil portraits of William Eagles, his wife, Nancy, John Eagles, and his wife were painted in the 19th century by New York artist Charles Loring Elliott and still hang in the inn.</p><br>
<p>During the 19th century, the Aurora Inn was an overnight destination for travelers who visited Aurora via stagecoach, canal boat and rail. Soon after the Aurora Inns opening, an article in the local newspaper noted the Inns "regularity, neatness and order exhibited everywhere &mdash; as well as the thousand little attentions which are paid to the comfort and convenience of travelers". The writer also commented on the Aurora Inn&#39;s "uninterrupted view of the water scenery of the most enchanting kind" and its "elegance scarcely surpassed by the most extensive houses of our large towns."</p><br>
<p>When a fire destroyed the main building at Wells College in 1888, many students temporarily relocated to the Aurora Inn which they renamed the Wayside Inn.</p><br>
<p>On February 27, 1919, a fire destroyed much of Aurora&#39;s business district. When the inn caught fire, Wells College President Kerr Duncan McMillan climbed onto the roof and doused the fire with buckets of water handed to him by the village brigade. The charred beams are still present under the current roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1943, the Aurora Inn was deeded to Wells College. In the 1960s, the Inn served as a residence hall due to increasing enrollment. A drain on the college&#39;s resources, the building was repeatedly closed between the 1970s and 2000s, most recently in October 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>The Aurora Foundation, a partnership between Wells College and the Pleasant Rowland Foundation, renovated the Aurora Inn in 2001 to redevelop it for lodging, dining, and events. Finished in 2003, the Aurora Inn has 10 guest rooms, a restaurant with outdoor dining, and a banquet room. Original architectural details were reused or reproduced in many places, but interior remodels were made to meet current code requirements and modern preferences. Historic photographs and etchings were consulted when making exterior changes. A stone terrace, lawns, and gardens were developed between the inn and Cayuga Lake.</p><br>
<p>Rock Spring is a historic farmstead property near Shepherdstown, West Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The 12.25 acre L-shaped property fronts on Ridge Road and the four contributing buildings are along the road. These are a farmhouse, a spring house, a wagon shed/corn crib and a stable.</p><br>
<h3>Farmhouse</h3><br>
<p>The farmhouse is a two-story brick building with its gable end facing the road and the main facade on the south. A pair of brick chimneys, one at the gable peak are enclosed in the gable ends. The original building forms the core of the current structure. Brickwork patterns and techniques indicate a -story three-bay plan started as early as 1790. Main level windows are nine over six lights in frames with an interior bead, topped with a spacer. Spacers top the doorways on the main level also. A gabled entry porch on the east wall illustrates the pattern of additions over time. The farmhouse gained its current appearance.</p><br>
<h3>Spring house, bake house and kitchen</h3><br>
<p>A stone outbuilding north of the building served as a combined spring house, bake house, and kitchen. This building is of rough coursed fairly large stone limestone has a window on each side. There are diamond shaped brick ventilators on the upper portion of the east and west walls. The entrance and a chimney are within the south gable end which faces the farmhouse. Also on the south wall is a rare surviving example of a once common household feature, a bake oven. The dome shaped brick oven sits on a stone base and has a vent at the back, extending into a flue across the top of the oven and exiting into the chimney, this feature gives the bake oven its distinctive "squirrel–tail". The plain masonry construction suggests the building was erected.</p><br>
<h3>Wagon shed/corn crib</h3><br>
<p>A combination wagon shed/corn crib is southeast of the house. The wood-frame building has stone foundations, is sheathed in vertical board siding, and is covered by a metal roof. With its uneven gable and extended roofline sloping north, the buildings design is consistent with a granary. Wide doors its west and east sides provide drive through ease for loading wagons. It was built.</p><br>
<h3>Stable</h3><br>
<p>A stable sits at the southeast edge of the property facing the house and the pasture. The 15 by wood frame stable is clad in vertical board siding, and covered with a metal roof. The building&#39;s doors and the square stall windows are of board and batten construction. This building is from.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The earliest European claim on the land the farm is part of dates to a 360 acre Fairfax Grant to Samuel Darke which was owned by James Hendricks by 1762. Hendricks lived on the property until selling in to John Snyder Sr. who already owned much of the other division of the Darke grant and recombined the majority of the original grant. It was his son John Snyder Jr. who added to the buildings on the property during the 1830s to 1850s bringing them to their current appearance.</p><br>
<p>The core of the farmhouse was built. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 17, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Strider Farm was intimately involved in events concerning the American Civil War near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Located on a small hill just south of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad line from Baltimore and Washington, D.C. to Martinsburg, West Virginia, the Strider farm was a strategic location for the control of this vital link.</p><br>
<p>The main house, built circa 1790 is a -story Federal style in stone masonry. It was enlarged in 1880 with a shallow addition, also in stone. A barn also dates to 1880.</p><br>
<p>The main house was built by Philip Strider, whose descendants appear frequently in the later history of Jefferson County. During the Civil War, the property was the scene of frequent fighting. On September 13–17, 1862, Confederate artillery fired on Federal troops from a position near the front yard of the house. Later, in 1864, the house was the headquarters of Federal Major General Horatio G. Wright.</p><br>
<p>St. Peters Roman Catholic Church in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia occupies a prominent location on the heights above Harpers Ferry. The original church was built in 1833 in a pseudo-Gothic style which it kept through the Civil War, being the only church in Harpers Ferry to escape destruction during the war. The church was extensively altered in 1896 in the then-popular Neo-Gothic style to produce the church seen today. The church commands a sweeping vista across the gorge of the Shenandoah River above its confluence with the Potomac River. The street along the side of the church building is part of the Appalachian Trail. A short trail leads from the church to Jefferson Rock. St. Peters Church is a mission church of St. James in Charles Town. Mass is offered at the historic church every Sunday at 9:30 a.m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1831 church was dedicated in 1833, to some extent resembling reduced St. Marys Seminary Chapel in Baltimore, Maryland as an early Gothic Revival church. The 1896 remodeling by architects Thomas J. Collins and Son was extensive in scope, completely changing the church into a stone-clad Victorian Gothic structure, resembling the architects St. Francis Roman Catholic Church in Staunton, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Irish immigrants settled in Harpers Ferry during the construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The majority of the Irish immigrants were Roman Catholics and attended mass at St. Peter&#39;s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The rebuilt church is an elaborately detailed Victorian Gothic structure. The exterior is finished in gray stone with red sandstone trim. The tall spire stands at the edge of the cliff overlooking the Shenandoah River. The interior is a single, bright room. Aisles are suggested by suspended vaulting with gilded pendants. The lancet windows are mainly furnished with colored glass rather than figurative representations. The sanctuary is marked by a polygonal apse.</p><br>
<p>Shepherd&#39;s Mill is a gristmill in Shepherdstown, West Virginia, located on Town Run just as it descends to the Potomac River. The mill was built some time prior to 1739 by Thomas Shepherd, Sr.  — founder and namesake of the town — as a two-story structure. The original millwheel was probably a wood overshot wheel. The present 40 ft Fitz Water Wheel Company steel overshot wheel was built in 1894; with the addition of a third story in the late 19th century, the mill is more representative of that era. The Mill is now privately owned.</p><br>
<p>Hale House is a Queen Anne style Victorian mansion built in 1887 in the Highland Park section of northeast Los Angeles, California. It has been described as "the most photographed house in the entire city", and "the most elaborately decorated". In 1966, it was declared a Historic-Cultural Monument, and in 1972 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house was relocated in 1970 to the Heritage Square Museum in Montecito Heights where it remains open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>The Hale House was designed by Joseph Cather Newsom, a leading architect throughout the era. It was built in 1887 by real estate developer, George W. Morgan, at the foot of Mount Washington. Built at an original cost of less than $4,000, the house was originally situated at 4501 North Pasadena Avenue (now Figueroa Street), but was moved to 4425 North Pasadena before it was purchased by motorman James G. Hale. It is believed to have been associated with the old Page School for Girls which once stood directly across Avenue 44 from Hale House.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by James G. Hale and his newlywed, Beret “Bessie” Hovelsrud, in 1901. James Hale met Bessie, a farm girl from Nebraska, at the Pio Pico House she was waitressing in. The two fell in love, got married, and purchased the Hale House to live in; however, a few years later, the couple separated and Hale died from a heart attack on August 15, 1921, at age 51. Bessie retained title to the house. She operated the house as a boarding house until the late 1950s and lived there until she died in 1966 at age 97.</p><br>
<h2>Move to Heritage Square Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house was inherited by Hales niece, Odena Johnson, who stated her desire to dispose of it as soon as possible. A column by noted Los Angeles Times columnist Jack Smith helped the preservation effort. Smith called the "faded old house" one of the few remaining from the "age of exuberance." Smith described the houses significance as follows:The house has been called picturesque eclectic, meaning its designer took a scroll from here and a fleur-de-lis from there and put everything together with romantic abandon. … Because of its eclectic nature, the Hale house is said to embody, in one package, many architectural inventions of the late 19th century, that buoyant and capricious era.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the move, the house was used as a movie set for a film depicting a house bombed in a war. The house was later restored at a cost of more than $300,000.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The varied architectural style of the house has been described as Queen Anne, Eastlake, "picturesque eclectic," and "a capricious old gingerbread." Jack Smith overheard a neighbor say of the house, "What architecture! This old house? It&#39;s a mishmuch." Smith agreed but called it "a wonderful old mishmuch." Whatever the precise style, the house is an impeccable example of Victorian craftsmanship and design, with ornate brick chimneys, stained-glass windows, wood carvings, and a "corner turret" crowned with giant copper fleur-de-lis.</p><br>
<p>In a 1966 report to the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission, Raymond Girvigian, the chairman of the historic buildings committee of the Southern California chapter of the American Institute of Architects said:This residence, purchased by James and Bessie Hale about 1901, is a wood frame structure having exterior clapboard siding accented with fish scale shingles and cast plaster ornament around the main, east facade windows and pediments. Other notable features include a veranda at the northeast corner having turned wood posts with curved wood bracket caps and milled ballusters and an ornamental iron rail on its roof. It has brick chimneys with incised geometric detail and corbelled projections at top and a second floor turret window at the southeast corner, also curved wood brackets at the second floor cornice.</p><br>
<p>Noting the eclectic style, Givigian wrote that the house has "exuberance in ornamentation and detailing without academic rules, based on borrowed styles and forms of the past but mixed in unrestrained though often inventive and charming ways and fine craftsmanship." In announcing its designation of Hale House as a historic monument, the Cultural Heritage Commission gave the following reasons:</p><br>
<p>This picturesque structure is an outstanding example of the late Victorian period in Los Angeles. Its prime significance is that it perhaps best embodies the essence of, or the most typical features of, this historical style in one given example. The building incorporates the ornate carving of wood, both inside and out, that is fast disappearing. The chimney is characteristic of the high Victorian town house of the period, and the workmanship compares with that of the best built mansions on the old Bunker Hill.</p><br>
<p>During the renovation of the house, chips of the original colors were found on the house. The exterior, which is mostly pink and teal, was painted with colors that were duplicated from the original colors that were found on chips on the house. The interior has been restored to recreate the appearance that it is believed to have had in 1899, but many of the house&#39;s original interior features remain intact. For instance, the "wainscoting downstairs, called Lincrusta, is original to the house and made of a pressed paper mixture processed to look like embossed leather." The oriental door bracket in the front parlor as well as the Eastlake-style dining table and chairs had been purchased by the Hale family. The Hale House and other old Los Angeles landmark structures are open for public tours, for a fee, at the Heritage Square Museum.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Hale House appears in the title sequences of Amandas starring Beatrice Arthur. In the series, the Hale House features as the Californian hotel, Amandas by the Sea, owned by Amanda Cartwright.</p><br>
<p>The Hale House also briefly appears in the original (promo film) for country artist Glen Campbell&#39;s song Wichita Lineman. The video was filmed in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Hale House is seen on the cover of Coal Chamber&#39;s 1997 eponymous album.</p><br>
<p>Shannondale Springs is a former American resort associated with mineral springs on the bank of the Shenandoah River upstream from Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. The water from the main spring was reputed to have mild laxative qualities, while other springs had a sulfurous odor. The resort began in 1820 with the construction of 10 to 12 wood cottages, and a two-story hotel was added the next year. The hotel and some of the cottages burned in 1858. After the Civil War several new brick cottages were built and a new hotel was built on the site of the old in 1890. This hotel burned in 1909 and was never rebuilt. The cottages and accessory structures lasted another thirty years before becoming uninhabitable.</p><br>
<p>In the late 18th century the 29,000 acre Shannondale tract was owned by Fernandino Fairfax (1769-1820), who sold several parcels between 1811 and 1819 to settle debts. A ferry was established around 1819. Fairfax&#39;s residence, Shannon Hill, was across the Shenandoah from the Shannondale site. After a good start, the resort struggled until the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Winchester and Potomac Railroad reached Harpers Ferry in 1834 and 1835, respectively. This permitted easy access from Baltimore and Washington, D.C. The loss of the hotel to fire and the coming of the Civil War closed the resort until 1867, when the resort resumed operations on a much-diminished scale. A flood in 1870 caused considerable damage, and in 1890 a new hotel was constructed with 25 guest rooms, a ballroom and several bath houses. Investors in the new hotel had ties to the Charles Town Mining, Manufacturing and Improvement Company, and proposed to mine iron deposits near the springs. In 1902 the property was purchased at public sale by H.C. Getzendanner, who reopened the hotel in 1903. By 1919 Getzendanner had sold the resort to E.B. Frye for $500. In 1931 a lessor sold the waters for $1 per five-gallon bottle. The property was sold again in 1937 to Thornton T. Perry, Sr. Much of the property was later donated to The Nature Conservancy, and in 1986 it was transferred to the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>From 1996 the Jefferson County Historic Landmarks Commission has leased the last two remaining structures, a bathhouse and a fountain, and has undertaken stabilization work.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Theatre in Douglas, Arizona, designed by M. Eugene Durfee, opened in 1919. Ginger Rogers, Pavlova and John Philip Sousa to mention just a few performed on stage at the Grand Theatre. Originally, it also housed a Tea Room, a candy store and a barbershop. It was the site of many live stage productions, movies, and Douglas High School graduations.</p><br>
<p>The theater has fallen on hard times over the years, having endured a collapsed roof due to plugged rain gutters and massive interior damage from the infiltrating water. However, the Grand is in the process of being restored to its original condition.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>In addition to being listed in the National Register of Historic Places, the Grand is also on the "Endangered List" of Historical Buildings that need immediate attention.</p><br>
<p>Mokuʻula was a tiny island in Maluʻulu o Lele Park, Lahaina, Hawaiʻi, United States. It was the private residence of King Kamehameha III from 1837 to 1845 and the burial site of several Hawaiian royals. The 1 acre island is considered sacred to many Hawaiians as a piko, or symbolic center of energy and power. It was added to the Hawaiʻi State Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1994, and to the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 1997, as King Kamehameha III&#39;s Royal Residential Complex.</p><br>
<p>According to author P. Christiaan Klieger, "the moated palace of Mokuʻula...was a place of the "Sacred Red Mists," an oasis of rest and calm during the raucous, rollicking days of Pacific whaling". When the capital of Hawaiʻi moved from Lahaina to Honolulu and plantations diverted Mokuhinia&#39;s water source to irrigate their crops, Mokuʻula fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<h2>Loko o Mokuhinia</h2><br>
<p>Mokuʻula was surrounded by Mokuhinia, a 17 acre spring-fed, wetland pond. The pond was reported to be the home of Kihawahine, a powerful moʻo or lizard goddess. According to myth, the moʻo was a reincarnation of Piʻilani&#39;s daughter, the chiefess, Kalaʻaiheana. Hawaiians cultivated loʻi, or taro patches, and fishponds within Mokuhinia. Lahaina was once known as the Venice of the Pacific for its fishponds. The sugar cane industry diverted water from mountain streams in the late 1800s, which dried up the water source. In 1919, the county turned the land into a park and buried it beneath a baseball field.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The non-profit organization Friends of Mokuʻula promoted the restoration of the sacred site from 1990 to 2011. From 1992 to 1995 and in 1999, archaeologists from Bishop Museum and Heritage Surveys surveyed the site and documented its features and boundaries. Bringing water back to this site and restoring Mokuʻula and Mokuhinia received renewed attention after the devastating wildfires in 2023, including commitments by Governor Josh Green and mayor Richard Bissen.</p><br>
<p>Rumsey Hall, also known as the Entler Hotel, is an historic building in Shepherdstown, West Virginia. The building is located in the center of the Shepherdstown Historic District and is a composite of six separate phases of construction. The earliest portion was built in 1786, and was the home belonging to Christian Cookus. This section burned in 1912. This section was separated by a narrow passage from the core of the hotel property, first started in the 1790s by owner Daniel Bedinger. This Federal style structure was expanded to the corner sometime before 1809, with a further addition along Princess Street by 1815. A kitchen and a carriage house completed the complex. Significant interior features remain. In 1809 a store was opened in the corner building, operated by James Brown. At about the same time, the Globe Tavern opened, offering overnight accommodations. In 1815, Bedinger sold the property to James Brown and Edward Lucas for $6,000. In 1820 it was again sold, to Thomas Crown of Washington, D.C., for $4000. By this time the tavern was managed by Thomas James and the hotel by Daniel Entler. In 1823, Daniel Entler became the manager of the entire property. The Entlers managed the properties until 1873, when they moved to Piedmont, West Virginia, while retaining ownership of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Entler Hotel was one of two in Shepherdstown run by Entlers. Daniel Entler&#39;s brother Joseph ran the Great Western Hotel, and both were the sons of a German immigrant butcher and innkeeper from York, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The Entler Hotel was the chief venue in Shepherdstown for social events. After the Battle of Antietam, three miles away, Shepherdstown became a field hospital for the wounded, with many severely wounded brought to the Entler. On December 14, 1898, the Entler received one of the first two telephones installed in Jefferson County. Several fires occurred between 1899 and 1912, with a fire in 1910 killing the managers daughter, who was playing with matches. In 1912 a conflagration burned several buildings on the north side of German Street, including the original Entler property. The hotel closed in 1917 and in 1921 it was sold to the State of West Virginia and became the first mens dormitory at Shepherd College, at which time its name was changed to Rumsey Hall. In the 1950s the building was used as faculty apartments, then as storage.</p><br>
<p>The Town of Shepherdstown bought the Entler from the State in 1978 after a bill was passed by the West Virginia Legislature that mandated that Shepherd College sell the building to the Town after a campaign to prevent the building&#39;s demolition, and began restoration work in 1982. The college was going to demolish the building and turn the property into a parking lot. The bill was sponsored by Delegates Clarence E Martin, III and Joseph Caudle. It is now used to house the Historic Shepherdstown Museum, office space for non-profit groups and for town meetings.</p><br>
<p>The Anchorage is an historic house located in Northumberland County, seven miles  outside of Kilmarnock, Virginia, near Wicomico Church, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The house was built before 1749 as a -story home with a gambrel roof. It was extended in 1855, including a basement foundation. An annex building of 1.5 rooms and 1.5 stories, on top of a full basement with an interior chimney, which was thought to have been built in the mid-19th century as well, was moved and attached to the house in the 1955. New evidence has been discovered that the Annex may have actually been built over 150 years earlier in the 1690s as a stand-alone dwelling.</p><br>
<p>The original section of the house was then extended in the rear in the mid-1980s. In 2016 and 2017, the house went through a major renovation with additional extensions added. There are six fireplaces, three of which are part of the original chimney.</p><br>
<p>Since its Land Grant in 1658, the plantation has only had a handful of owners. The current owners, The Byrne family, are on the 3rd generation, having owned the property since 1929–30. The original property (originally called "Road View") was about 350 acre and sits on Mill Creek which feeds off of the Chesapeake Bay. The dock is in Kent Cove, which runs about 500 yards off of the Creek. At the entrance of the woods is the Kent family cemetery which dates back through the Civil War, inclusive of a CSA (Confederate States Army) memorial tombstone and grave.</p><br>
<p>The property is complemented by rolling orchards and woods sitting on Mill Creek with about 2,000 ft of waterfront acreage. The barn lot has a corn crib and additional barns dating back to the 1840s. The property, which was originally a tobacco farm, is in Ball&#39;s Neck in the Northern Neck of Virginia, rich in early colonial history.</p><br>
<p>It was registered as a historic landmark by the Virginia Landmarks Register (Virginia Department of Historic Resources) in Virginia by the Byrne Family in 1995. It also appears on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>A second dendrochronological study is being commissioned in order to help prove the age of the original dwelling(s) on the property back to the 1690s. Currently, historic records prove a dwelling on the property in 1702.</p><br>
<p>The Forest Park Boulevard Historic District is a national historic district located at Fort Wayne, Indiana. The district encompasses 93 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 15 contributing objects in a predominantly residential section of Fort Wayne. The area was developed from about 1890 to 1955, and includes notable examples of Colonial Revival and Tudor Revival style architecture. The district features ornamental light posts / streetlights and stone entry markers.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Gadsden Hotel is a historic hotel in Douglas, Arizona. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The hotel is owned by Bright Brains Hospitality</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel opened in 1907. Named for the Gadsden Purchase, the stately five-story, 160-room hotel became a home away from home for cattlemen, ranchers, miners, and businessmen. The hotel was leveled by fire and rebuilt in 1929 by architect from El Paso Henry Trost. The Gadsdens spacious main lobby is majestically set with a solid white Italian marble staircase and four soaring marble columns. A stained glass window mural of the Southwest Desert by 5th generation artisan Ralph Baker, who studied under Louis Comfort Tiffany, extends forty-two feet across one wall of the massive mezzanine. A large oil painting by Audley Dean Nicols is just below the Tiffany-style window. The hotels vaulted stained glass skylights run the full length of the lobby.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The hotel is said to be haunted, especially in Room 333, and has been in "ghost" shows on television, such as an episode of Sightings in 1995. The Gadsden Hotel has also been in several movies, including The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean with Paul Newman, Terminal Velocity with Charlie Sheen and Nastassja Kinski, and Ruby Jean and Joe with Tom Selleck.</p><br>
<p>The Gadsden was featured on Hotel Impossible on August 26, 2013. The hotel was turned over to a management company which renovated the first floor in 2013 and completed renovation of second-floor guest rooms in March 2014. Third-floor rooms were "dressed up" but not fully renovated and are now marketed as the "Historic Rooms".</p><br>
<h2>Notable guests</h2><br>
<p>Thornton Wilder, whose overnight stay in May 1962 for a car repair extended to two months—he liked both the hotel and the area.</p><br>
<p>Effie Anderson Smith, known during her lifetime as The Dean of Arizona Women Artists, stayed at the Gadsden Hotel frequently during the 1930s. She resided in the hotel during the 1940s and completed several paintings there, including a view of the Swisshelms as seen from her room at the Gadsden. One of her paintings of the Grand Canyon hung in the lobby of the Gadsden Hotel for 11 years.</p><br>
<p>Eleanor Roosevelt.</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill Farm, also known as the James-Marshall-Snyder Farm, is a double-pile, two story brick farmhouse with Greek Revival features near Shepherdstown, West Virginia. A log house on the property was built circa 1795, while the brick house was built around 1835. It is believed that the log house was built by Samuel Davenport, who leased the land from the Stephen family. In 1821 the property was sold to Thomas James.</p><br>
<p>Rion Hall is a late Federal style house near Halltown, West Virginia. Built in 1836, it consists of a three-story brick house with a two-story kitchen wing connected by a wood hyphen. The house was used as a headquarters for General Philip H. Sheridan during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1836 by William Lucas. Lucas was the son of Robert and Sarah Rion Lucas, and was born at Cold Spring. In 1838, Lucas was elected to the United States House of Representatives, serving a total of three terms. At William Lucas death, the property passed to his son, Daniel Bedinger Lucas, a lawyer and a poet, who was briefly appointed to the US Senate by the Governor of West Virginia, but not seated. With Daniel Lucas death the property passed to Virginia Lucas, whose accidental death in 1929 left the house vacant for ten years. In 1938 the house changed hands and underwent renovation.</p><br>
<p>Benton County Courthouse is a Second Empire style building in Benton County, Indiana that was built in 1874.</p><br>
<p>It was nominated for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008, and it was listed on the National Register on August 1 of that year.</p><br>
<p>There was a previous Benton County Courthouse that was built in 1855 but was torn down in 1873.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Benton county was formed in 1840. After a long struggle, the seat was moved to Fowler in 1874.</p><br>
<p>The current Benton County Courthouse, located in Fowler, was designed by Gurdon P. Randall of Chicago and built in 1874 by Levi L. Leach at a cost of $62,257. The new courthouse was an impressive building from an architectural standpoint, but also provided much-needed improvements in security, including large fire-proof vaults. Randall had designed the Marshall County courthouse a few years earlier.</p><br>
<p>The Newton County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Kentland, Newton County, Indiana, United States. The original Newton County was formed by statute on February 7, 1835, and was a roughly square area some 30 miles on a side, encompassing what is now the northern half of the county, the northern half of Jasper County, and a large section to the north. The northern border was cut back to the Kankakee River on February 1, 1836, with all land north of the Kankakee River going to Lake and Porter counties. The county was abolished and combined with Jasper County in 1839. On December 8, 1859, the county was recreated and the borders were redrawn to essentially their current state.</p><br>
<p>The current Newton County Courthouse was built in 1906, and is a three-story, rectangular, Renaissance Revival style brick building with limestone trim. It has an architectural tile hipped roof. The front facade features round arched windows on the third floor, projecting entrance pavilion, and a pedimented parapet.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Kinney Octagon Barn was a historic agricultural building located just north of Burr Oak, Iowa, United States. Lorenzo Coffin was a stock breeder and the farm editor of the Fort Dodge Messenger. He is thought to have built the first round barn in Iowa in 1867. The modified hip roof and heavy timber construction of this barn, built in 1880, suggests that it was a Coffin-type octagon barn. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 19, 1986. It has subsequently been torn down.</p><br>
<p>The Secrest Octagon Barn is a historic building located near Downey in rural Johnson County, Iowa, United States. It was constructed in 1883 by master builder George Frank Longerbean for Joshua Hunt Secrest as a hay barn-horse stable. The octagonal barn measures 80 ft in diameter. It features red vertical siding and a sectional bell shaped roof that is supported by hand-laminated beams. The octagon-shaped cupola has the same roof shape as the barn. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>According to the builders great grandson, the builders name is Longerbeam.</p><br>
<p>Richwood Hall, also known as Richwoods, is a house near Charles Town, West Virginia. The lands once belonged to George Washington, who received them from Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron and subsequently gave to his brother, Samuel Washington. It was Samuel&#39;s son, Lawrence Augustine Washington, who built or moved into the house with his bride, Mary Dorcas Wood, in 1797. This original house now forms a wing of the present enlarged house. The Washingtons lived at Richwoods until 1802, when they sold the property to Smith Slaughter. By 1829 the house had been enlarged, either by Slaughter or his successor, Joseph Shewater. In any case, materials, including bricks and carved wood were imported from England.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the American Civil War the property belonged to John R. Flagg. Forces under the command of General Jubal A. Early fired from Richwood Hall at Union forces under Sheridan at Locust Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Fobes Octagon Barn is a historic building located south of Lanesboro, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1883, and at the time of its nomination it was one of 14 octagon-shaped barns from the 19th-century left in Iowa. The barn has a diameter of 66 ft and features a stone foundation, and a hip roof with a square cupola on top. The modification of the roof suggests this is a "Coffine type" structure similar to others built by Lorenzo Coffin. The general purpose barn has two granaries, horse stalls, and the rest of the space is open for agricultural machinery. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The historic Simi Adobe–Strathearn House served as the headquarters of Rancho Simi, also known as Rancho San José de Nuestra Senora de Altagracia y Simi, one of the land grants in Alta California by the Spanish government. The name derives from Shimiji, the name of the Chumash village here before the Spanish. Rancho Simi was the earliest Spanish colonial land grant within Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties. At 113,000 acres, Rancho Simi was one of the state&#39;s largest land grants.</p><br>
<p>The headquarters of the rancho served as the home of Robert P. Strathearn (and is thus known as the Strathearn House), built in 1892&ndash;93. The home remained in the Strathearn family until 1969, when the dwelling and 5.85 acres (2.37 ha) of surrounding land were donated to the Simi Valley Recreation and Park District. Two rooms of the original adobe remain as part of the Strathearn House, now located in Robert P. Strathearn Historical Park in Simi Valley, California. Rancho Simi has been designated a California Historical Landmark (#979) and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Strathearn Historical Park and Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Simi Adobe–Strathearn House is part of the Strathearn Historical Park and Museum, an open air park that is owned and maintained by the Rancho Simi Recreation and Park District, and is operated jointly with the Simi Valley Historical Society. The house is maintained as a historic house museum with typical period furniture and household displays.</p><br>
<p>The parks Visitor Center features changing exhibits about Simi Valley, and is the start for docent-led park tours. The interior of buildings can only be viewed during the docent-led tours. In addition to the Simi Adobe–Strathearn House, there are various historic buildings and structures that have been moved from their original site to the park, including the 1924 Montgomery childrens playhouse, the 1902 St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church, the original Simi Valley Library, a Colony House built in 1888, the Banaga Barber Shop, the Currier pitting shed, and two barns with farm tools and equipment.</p><br>
<p>The site is home to the Simi Valley Historical Society which seeks to acquire, preserve, maintain, identify and mark historical buildings, sites and landmarks; to collect artifacts of historical significance; to provide and maintain a sanctuary for such artifacts; to provide for the public a reservoir of historical information; to encourage and continue research in the history of the area.</p><br>
<p>Prato Rio, also known as Hopewell, near Leetown, West Virginia, was the home of General Charles Lee of the Continental Army, for whom Leetown is named. Lee lived there from 1774 to his death in 1782.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Han Yost Hites original log cabin measured about 18 ft square. His sons extension was a stone structure about 22 ft by 33 ft, connected to the cabin by a 12 ft link, using a hall-and-parlor plan. A second story was added to the log portion in the 19th century. Around 1820 the stone section was partitioned into four rooms, and in 1840 another stone addition was appended to the north end of the stone section.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property was originally acquired in 1731 by Han Yost Heydt (or Hite), who built a log cabin on the property he called "Hopewell". Heydts son Jacob expanded the cabin in 1733. In 1774 Jacob Heydt sold the 3,000 acre plantation to Lee, who renamed the estate "Prato Rio" (Portuguese, "Stream on the meadow"), but often referred to the house as "The Hut." Inhabiting the extension without partitions, Lee chalked the locations of where walls would have been had they existed. Lee used the log portion as a kitchen, where his servants lived in the loft. Lee lived as a hermit with his dogs, named Father, Son and Holy Ghost, complaining about organized religion and his treatment after his dismissal from the army. After Lees death the house was further enlarged.</p><br>
<p>The acreage adjoining the house also had many springs, as indicated by the name Lee chose for his estate. In the early 1930s, the federal government acquired that land and built a coldwater fish hatchery, now operated by the USA Geological Survey as the Leetown Science Center, and the USAG.S. east coast regional office.</p><br>
<p>The Roberts Octagon Barn built in 1883 is an historic octagonal barn located on CR W62 near Sharon Center, Johnson County, Iowa. On June 30, 1986, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 it was believed to be one of the oldest surviving round barns in Iowa. It appears to be a "Coffin-type octagon barn" (i.e. derivative of the first octagon barn built in Iowa, in 1867, by Lorenzo Coffin). This type includes having a non-self-supporting modified hip roof, heavy timber construction, a rectangular interior plan, and general purpose function.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Gould Jr. House is a historic house located at 402 Lynn Drive in Ventura, California. Architect Henry Mather Greene designed the American Craftsman style California bungalow, which was built in 1924. The house is considered one of the best examples of Henry Greenes independent work; most of his other designs were created alongside his brother Charles as Greene & Greene. The two-story house has a wood frame and redwood siding and window casings. The gable roof features truncated ends and a small gable on the front side which resembles a dormer. The houses interior decorations include ceiling moldings, a leaded glass china cabinet, and a carved mirror, the latter being the only piece of furniture designed by Greene himself.</p><br>
<p>The historic residence was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Colonnade Row, also known as LaGrange Terrace, is a group of 1830s row houses on present-day Lafayette Street in the NoHo neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. They are believed to have been built by Seth Geer, although the project has been attributed to a number of other architects. The buildings original name comes from the Marquis de Lafayettes estate in France, but the series of nine row houses, of which four remain, owe their existence to John Jacob Astor, who bought the property and whose grandson John Jacob Astor III later lived at No. 424. The remaining buildings are New York City designated landmarks and listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name LaGrange Terrace. The facades remain standing on Lafayette Street south of Astor Place.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The nine original buildings, a series of Greek revival townhouses built by Seth Geer, a contractor from Albany, New York (whose name is also given as "Greer") were located at 418–426 Lafayette Place on the site of the Vauxhall Gardens Amusement Park. The property on which these buildings were constructed had been bought by Astor in 1804 for $45,000, and when the lease for the Vauxhall Gardens was up, Astor built a wide street through the property from Great Jones Street to Art Street, which is now Astor Place, and named it Lafayette Place after the Marquis de Lafayette, a hero of the American Revolution. The original name of the buildings was Lagrange or La Grange Terrace, named after Lafayette&#39;s country estate, one of many places named in his honor in New York City and elsewhere in the United States, after his triumphant return tour in 1824–25.</p><br>
<p>The buildings each contained 26 rooms and were 27 ft wide, with 15 ft deep front yards, uncommon at the time. Their facades were made entirely of Westchester marble and linked with a colonnade of Corinthian columns providing the homes with their current name. The marble for the buildings was found at Sing Sing, where the convicts worked to cut it for use in construction.</p><br>
<p>The precise year of the buildings construction, as well as the architect responsible are subject to some debate. The architects generally credited with Colonnade Rows design is Alexander Jackson Davis, Ithiel Town, and James Dakin, who were believed to have designed the homes for the Astor and Vanderbilt families. which was completed in 1833 according to the Landmarks Commission, and there are some who believe that he did not work on the design at all.</p><br>
<p>Apart from John Jacob Astor III, Julia Gardiner (who would become President John Tyler&#39;s First Lady) lived on Colonnade Row, and Warren Delano. In addition, Columbia Law School held classes for a time in the house that was once occupied by John Jacob Astor III.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>At the time of their construction, Lafayette Place, which was then a cobblestone cul-de-sac, was the most fashionable area in New York City and one of the first to be developed in the city&#39;s expansion north of Canal Street. The upper-class demographics of the region shifted, and by 1860 Murray Hill was considered a better place to live, and the area around the former Lafayette Place fell into decline.</p><br>
<p>The original buildings located at 418–426 Lafayette Place were torn down following a failed proposal in 1902 to relocate the remaining structures to Bryant Park, after more than half were torn down to make room for Wanamaker&#39;s warehouse and department store. Some of the columns and decorative parts ended up in what is now known as Delbarton School, a Benedictine boys school in Morristown, New Jersey, located on the former estate of Luther Kountze.</p><br>
<h2>Protection</h2><br>
<p>The four buildings that remain, numbers 428, 430, 432, and 434 Lafayette Street, were among the first to be landmarked when New York City began doing so in 1965,</p><br>
<p>despite having been sub-divided into apartments and commercial properties, The buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places in December 1976 after being nominated in August of the same year.</p><br>
<p>The owners (for 428 and 430, The Casper R. Callen Trust, c/o Salon Realty) have announced plans to restore the buildings as recently as 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Old Opera House is located in the Shenandoah Valley in Charles Town, West Virginia, once known as the New Opera House or simply The Opera House, is a restored theater, designed by T.A. Mullett of Washington, D.C., son of architect Alfred B. Mullett. The theater opened in 1911, bringing minstrel shows, vaudeville, touring theater groups, circuses and wild west shows to Charles Town. By the 1930s a projection machine was installed, but the theater closed in 1948. It has since re-opened as a community-supported performance space.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of a two-story street front with offices on the second floor in an old apartment building, pre-dating the theater portion by about twenty years. The house and stage occupy the interior of the lot.</p><br>
<p>Media Farm is a farm complex near Charles Town, West Virginia that dates to 1780, and has remained in the same family ever since. The property was acquired by Charles Yates, an English immigrant, from Thomas Rutherford. In the twentieth century, author Julia McDonald Davis spent her childhood summers at the farm. Her father, who visited the farm frequently, was lawyer, diplomat and presidential candidate John W. Davis.</p><br>
<p>The original house was a log structure, with a stone addition added in 1790. The house grew and its present appearance is Gothic Revival. During World War I several small tenant houses were built on the farm to house "farmerettes," who were city women brought from urban areas to assist farmers whose labor force had gone to war.</p><br>
<p>East Campus is a neighborhood of Columbia, Missouri directly east of the University of Missouri and downtown Columbia. The area contains historic residential property as well many Greek student organizations houses. The district contains parts of Stephens College, the Boone Hospital Center&#39;s campus and the historic Lee Street Deli. It developed between about 1895 and 1945, and includes representative examples of Tudor Revival, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture.</p><br>
<p>A historic district of much of the neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 as East Campus Neighborhood Historic District. The district encompasses 262 contributing buildings and 5 contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>The James Marshall House, also known as Marshall Hall, Marshall-Myers-Byron House and Windward is a property near Shepherdstown, West Virginia. The house was built circa 1835 by James Marshall and was known as "Marshall Hall" until about 1914. It became known as "Windward" in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Windward is a two-story L-shaped house in with Greek Revival elements. The brick structure features a small one story Greek Revival pedimented porch on a relatively plain facade. The flush cornices and simplified detailing are characteristic of an understated application of the Greek Revival style. The slate roof is a clipped hip form that follows the L shape of the plan.</p><br>
<p>The interior features Greek Revival detailing with plain surfaces. The center hall plan features a large parlor to the left of the hall, with a small parlor and library to the right. A kitchen and dining room are located in the rear extension, with a galleried porch aligning with the center hall. Three bedrooms and a bathroom are upstairs in the main section, with two chambers over the kitchen wing.</p><br>
<p>The foundation of a barn that burned in the early 1900s are visible, as well as the outline of what is believed to be a now-vanished log kitchen, noted in the Jefferson County deed book as having living quarters above.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Court Square is the central plaza and historic district in Springfield, Massachusetts. It is located in the heart of Springfields urban Metro Center neighborhood. Court Square is the City of Springfields only topographical constant since its founding in 1636.</p><br>
<p>It is bounded by Springfield Municipal Group of buildings on Court Street, MassMutual Center on Main Street, MGM Springfield on State Street, East Columbus Avenue, and features Elm Street and a scenic pedestrian-only walkway from the Hampden County Courthouse toward Springfield&#39;s historic Old First Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Springfield&#39;s Old First Church has been located in Court Square since the 17th century. It was the twentieth parish formed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and was gathered in 1637, the year after Springfield was founded. The first meetinghouse was erected just east of this site in 1645. The current Old First Church (b. 1819) is the fourth building on this site, built by a Northampton architect, Isaac Damon. The rooster weathervane on the steeple was crafted by a Coppersmith in London, England, and brought to this country in 1750. Here inventor Thomas Blanchard and abolitionist John Brown worshipped; Daniel Webster spoke; and Jenny Lind sang.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, the year of the citys golden jubilee, $100,000 was raised in public donations to fund a project extending Court Square to the Connecticut River, spurred by a donation of $10,000 by the estate of the late Tilly Haynes, one of Springfields most active citizens. In the late 1950s, Haynes&#39; contribution was undermined when Court Square was separated from the Connecticut River by the construction of the elevated Interstate 91, and a 1,754 car parking lot beneath it.</p><br>
<p>The ornate, gothic stone Court House – now the juvenile court house – to the left of the church, was designed by renowned architect H.H. Richardson and built in 1909. To the right of the church, the Springfield Municipal Group was erected in 1911–13, and dedicated by United States President William Howard Taft in December 1913. In his dedication speech, President Taft praised the Springfield Municipal Group as "one of the most distinctive civic centers in the United States – and indeed, the world." The Municipal Group features a 300 ft. tall Italianate Campanile, which until the early 1970s, was the tallest building in Springfield (as per moratorium on skyscrapers in Springfield by the Massachusetts State Legislature.)</p><br>
<p>In 2010, UMass Amherst located its Urban Design Program to the Byers Block, across Main Street from the MassMutual Center. 3–7 Elm Street, part of the historic Byers Block, was constructed for James Byers in 1835 by architect Simon Sanborn. This remaining part of the Block constitutes the oldest commercial building still standing in Springfield. The building has served several functions throughout the years. These range from the Elm Street Tree Shop (which occupied the ground floor from 1866 to 1906) to the offices of several notable Springfield citizens, including George Bancroft, George Ashmun, Reuben Chapman, 12 Springfield judges and 7 Springfield mayors.</p><br>
<p>West of the Byers Block, the Romanesque Revival Court Square Building was originally a hotel and a renowned theater. A sixth floor was added to the building in 1900, including a tower that graces the elevator penthouse at the eastern end. The hotel became offices by the 1930s; however, the Court Square Playhouse remained the city&#39;s premier live theater until its surprise demolition in 1957. The Court Square Building features a brown brick exterior relieved with details of brownstone, terra-cotta, and granite. The Byers building was reconstructed by architect Ben Schenkelberg in 2003, his goal was to preserve the history of the Byers Building. Ben won an Award on the Byers Building for outstanding restoring and preservation. #BMSarchitect #The historic district encompassing Court Square and its surrounding buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Captain William Lucas and Robert Lucas House, also known as Linden Spring, is a large stone house near Shepherdstown in Jefferson County, West Virginia, United States. It was built circa 1783 for Captain William Lucas, a Revolutionary War soldier. Lucas&#39; son, Robert Lucas was born here and became a Governor of Ohio and the first Territorial governor of Iowa.</p><br>
<p>William Lucas was the son of Edward Lucas II, who arrived in Jefferson County in 1732 and received lands from Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron. William&#39;s wife was Susannah Barnes, sister-in-law to James Rumsey, whose steamship experiments took place on the nearby Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>The Lee-Longsworth House in Bolivar, West Virginia, is an example of the transition from Georgian style architecture to the Federal style. It preserves significant features of interior woodwork, and is associated with the Lee family of Virginia. The property was in 1799 leased by its then owner, Thomas Wilson, to the US Government. At some point after that time, the property was purchased by Richard B. Lee, his wife Elizabeth, Edmond I. Lee and Walton Jones to Ferdinando Fairfax for $3000, subject to the government lease.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the nineteenth century the house changed hands frequently and was entangled in a number of court proceedings. During the American Civil War it is alleged that Stonewall Jackson occupied the house for a brief time,</p><br>
<p>Downtown Columbia is the central business, government, and social core of Columbia, Missouri and the Columbia Metropolitan Area. Three colleges — the University of Missouri, Stephens College, and Columbia College — all border the area. Downtown Columbia is an area of approximately one square mile surrounded by the University of Missouri on the south, Stephens College to the east, and Columbia College on the north. The area serves as Columbias financial and business district and is the topic of a large initiative to draw tourism, which includes plans to capitalize on the areas historic architecture and Bohemian characteristics. The downtown skyline is relatively low and is dominated by the 10-story Tiger Hotel, built in 1928, and the 15-story Paquin Tower.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Columbia Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, covers much of the downtown area. This historic district was created in 2006, following the removal of concrete awnings. It was expanded in 2008.</p><br>
<p>On the northeast side of Downtown is the North Village Arts District. The Flat Branch of Hinkson Creek runs through downtown. Peace Park is located on Elm Street.</p><br>
<p>Hopewell, also known as Hopewell Mills and Hopewell Farm, was established around 1765 by William Little, Sr., who built grain and saw mills near the Shenandoah River. In 1827, William Little, Jr. sold the property to James Hite and Jacob Newcomer. Hite named the property "Hopewell", identifying the mill with a place in Leetown also named Hopewell, where there was a Quaker meeting house. Hite&#39;s descendant, Thomas Hite Willis, operated and expanded the mill, adding a woolen mill. The woolen mill operated until the 1920s providing uniforms for the Army.</p><br>
<p>The complex includes a log-and-clapboard house, built circa 1765 with twentieth century additions, a tenant house (known as the "Viand Cottage") from the same era and of similar construction, several outbuildings and the ruins of the woolen mill, circa 1850.</p><br>
<p>The Whitney Avenue Historic District is a historic district in the East Rock neighborhood of New Haven, Connecticut. It is a 203 acre district which included 1,084 contributing buildings when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>It is bordered by Edgerton Park and East Rock Park on the north. It abuts the Prospect Hill Historic District to the west and the Orange Street Historic District on the east. Yale University facilities border on the southwest and south. The district is named after Whitney Avenue, the principal thoroughfare in the district, which is lined with mansions or other larger houses, while the smaller streets included in the district have mostly smaller homes.</p><br>
<p>Per its NRHP nomination, the district</p><br>
<p>is significant as a well-preserved middle and upper-class residential neighborhood which reflects the process of suburbanization in New Haven during the late 19th and early 20th centuries...and which has retained its integrity with few intrusions or alterations.... The houses in the district embody the distinctive characteristics of several periods and types of domestic architecture, including locally outstanding examples of Queen Anne, Shingle, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and other styles....</p><br>
<p>The district includes 749 "major" buildings: mostly houses but also schools, small commercial buildings, and a firehouse. Including smaller outbuildings such as garages and carriage houses, there were a total of 1,113 buildings in 1989. Besides the 1,084 contributing buildings, the district then included 29 non-contributing buildings. Since that time, some of the contributing buildings have been demolished, such as some garages behind houses, but the character of the district is generally preserved.</p><br>
<h2>Residential structures</h2><br>
<p>Large mansions are primarily along Whitney Avenue and Livingston Street.</p><br>
<p>Significant Queen Anne style houses include the William Allen House, at 357 Whitney Avenue, a principal example among a row of Queen Anne houses.</p><br>
<p>Significant Shingle style houses include:</p><br>
<p>519 Whitney Avenue, at the corner of Canner Street (pictured above)</p><br>
<p>the Charles Atwater House (pictured at right, also as Photo #21 in accompanying NRHP nomination photos, and as photo #1 in New Haven Preservation Trust photos) at 321 Whitney Avenue, at the corner of Edwards Street, designed by Babb, Cook and Willard</p><br>
<p>the Abner Hendee House at 703 Whitney Avenue</p><br>
<p>Significant Colonial Revival ones include:</p><br>
<p>C. Maeller House, 591 Whitney Avenue</p><br>
<p>Coyle House, nearby</p><br>
<p>369 Whitney Avenue</p><br>
<p>Dr. Henry Hessler House, 1930, designed by J. Frederick Kelly, at 370 Livingston (accompanying photo #11)</p><br>
<p>Ray Reigeluth House, at 340 Livingston Street, from 1928–29, which represents an "apogee" of revival, being an exact copy of the Julius Deming House on North Street in the Litchfield Historic District in Litchfield, Connecticut, designed by architect Dwight Smith (accompanying photo #10)</p><br>
<p>Louis Ullman House, 1916, at 294 Livingston (accompanying photo #9)</p><br>
<p>There are significant Tudor Revival houses including, for example, the Dr. Edwin Butler House, at 640 Whitney Avenue, from 1913.</p><br>
<p>Other assorted styles are represented, including, notably, the Colin Ingersoll House at 475 Whitney Avenue, a spectacular Chateauesque style building designed by architect Joseph Northrup</p><br>
<p>There are apartment buildings mixed into the housing stock, particularly of U-shaped forms and particularly along Whitney Avenue. Examples appear in photos 16 and 29 (Brighton Court, in Spanish Colonial Revival, c.1915, at 663-667 Whitney Avenue) of accompanying photo collection.</p><br>
<h2>Institutional buildings</h2><br>
<p>Institutional purposes are now served by many of the buildings built originally as mansions along Whitney Avenue. At the time of the National Register listing, there were ten churches in the district, four of which were deemed to be contributing properties. There are also several schools and a fire station. Institutional structures, specifically built as such, include:</p><br>
<h2>Commercial buildings</h2><br>
<p>Per the NRHP nomination, small commercial buildings or "houses which have been fitted with storefronts", primarily at corners or along Orange Avenue are included in, and serve, the district. An unusual example is the Hall-Benedict Drug Company Building, a building on Orange Street, which is separately listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic Temple building, at 285 Whitney, is a brick, three-story Classical Revival building built in 1926.</p><br>
<h2>Summary</h2><br>
<p>Per the NRHP nomination,In summary, the district is distinguished by its exceptional number of architecturally significant houses; the wide, shady, tree-lined streets which provide an appropriate setting for those houses; and by the high proportion of buildings which have retained their integrity of materials and design. Together these attributes create the sense of historic and architectural cohesiveness which makes this area a distinctive cultural resource.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to neighborhoods</h2><br>
<p>The historic district primarily in the East Rock neighborhood but also extending into the Prospect Hill neighborhood of the city of New Haven, Connecticut. The row of properties on the west side of Whitney Avenue is officially in the Prospect Hill neighborhood planning area.</p><br>
<p>The Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District is a historic district in New Haven, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It includes 867 properties, which "include 858 major structures and 131 notable outbuildings." Of these structures, 876 are buildings deemed to contribute to the historical and/or architectural significance of the area, and most of these are residential. However the center of the district is "dominated" by the 75 acre tract of the former Winchester Repeating Arms Company, which contains industrial buildings.</p><br>
<p>The district includes and surrounds the old Winchester plant later run by USA Repeating Arms; the plant was important to both of its adjoining residential neighborhoods. Some of the plant has been operated by Science Park at Yale, a business incubator with Yale University associations.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>According to the districts 1987 nomination document:The district is historically significant for two reasons. First its core encompasses the extensive surviving portions of the industrial complex developed by the former Winchester Repeating Arms Company, one of the nations foremost late 19th- and early 20th-century armament manufacturers. Second, the district as a whole forms New Havens most nearly intact and cohesive surviving example of the inherent relationship between the growth of modern industry and the emergence of large working-class residential neighborhoods, a relationship typically associated with the development of many of the nations northeastern urban communities during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Criterion A). The district is architecturally significant for three reasons. First, its core embraces numerous examples of period industrial structures. Second, the majority of these structures were built for the Winchester Repeating Arms Company according to designs provided by Leoni W. Robinson, one of New Havens premier late 19/early 20th-century architects. Finally, the districts predominantly residential perimeter areas encompass a host of relatively intact single- and multi-family workers&#39; houses as well as several significant examples of commercial, religious, and municipal buildings dating from this same era. As a group, these perimeter-area buildings represent a variety of important and popular vernacular architectural styles of the era, including late Greek Revival, Italianate, Gothic Revival, Queen Anne and Colonial Revival (Criterion C).</p><br>
<h2>Residential development</h2><br>
<p>Residential development in the district included development of tenement buildings for one, two or three families. Examples are as depicted in accompanying photo 2 (134-36, 138-40, 142-44, 146-48 Mansfield St.), photo 4 (166-68, 162-64, 156-58, 152-54, 146-48 Sheffield St., photo 5 (220-30 Division St.), photo 13 (567 Dixwell Ave.), photo 16 (552-54, 558 Winchester Ave.) and photo 20 (368, 370, 374, 378 Dixwell Ave.).</p><br>
<p>Two speculators who were very successful with such residential development were Joseph Sheldon and John W. Bishop: "these men were the moving force behind the 19th-century development of virtually all of the properties which currently line both sides of Admiral and most of Henry Streets, as well as the construction of most of the houses along the southwestern side of Munson Street directly opposite the Winchester complex.</p><br>
<p>Their work is depicted in accompanying photo 22 (51, 49, 43, 41, 39 Henry St.), photo 12 (49, 53, 55, 59 Admiral St.) and accompanying photo 9 (206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, and 220-22 Munson St.).</p><br>
<h2>Industrial development</h2><br>
<p>The Winchester firm had started operations on Union Street in the Wooster Square neighborhood of New Haven, and moved to Bridgeport in 1866. It relocated from Bridgeport to New Haven in 1870, to the current location in the district. The original buildings which it built no longer exist. The firm grew to more than 600 employees by 1887 and "well in excess of 1,000" by the early 1900s.</p><br>
<h2>Streets</h2><br>
<p>Streets in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Mansfield Street</p><br>
<p>Sheffield Street</p><br>
<p>Division Street</p><br>
<p>Winchester Avenue</p><br>
<p>Munson Street</p><br>
<p>Thompson Street</p><br>
<p>Ivy Street</p><br>
<p>Admiral Street</p><br>
<p>Dixwell Avenue</p><br>
<p>Shelton Avenue</p><br>
<p>Newhall Street</p><br>
<p>Henry Street</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to neighborhoods</h2><br>
<p>The district is located in the Newhallville and Dixwell neighborhoods defined by the city of New Haven, Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The 1987 NRHP nomination document reads: the "255-acre district includes most of the southern and northern portions of the city&#39;s Newhallville and Dixwell neighborhoods, respectively."</p><br>
<p>Hillside, also known as Little Elmington, is a 1½ story brick house near Charles Town, West Virginia dating to circa 1798–1800. The house possesses a striking two-story gallery supported by five large round columns. The property includes a rubblestone barn and spring house. The house&#39;s name refers to its construction into the natural hillside in a manner similar to that of a bank barn, with the principal entry on the upper, uphill level.</p><br>
<p>The John and Priscilla Alden Family Sites is a National Historic Landmark consisting of two separate properties in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Both properties are significant for their association with John Alden, one of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony who came to America on board the Mayflower and held numerous posts of importance in the colony. Alden and his relationship with Priscilla Mullins were memorialized by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in The Courtship of Miles Standish, a fictionalized narrative poem that made the story a piece of American folklore.</p><br>
<p>One of the two properties contains the archaeological remains of the house that Alden built c. 1630, and is also significant in the field of historical archaeology as the mature field work of Roland W. Robbins (1908–1987), an early historical archaeologist. It is on land owned by the Town of Duxbury. On the second property stands a house which was traditionally dated to c. 1653 as a work by Alden, but it has been judged by forensic analysis to have been built around 1700, probably by Alden&#39;s grandson. This property has been under the continuous ownership of the Alden family; it is now managed by a family foundation as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Alden Homestead Site</h2><br>
<p>The Alden Homestead Site is located on a knoll overlooking the Bluefish River on a parcel of land that is now owned by the Town of Duxbury, and is principally occupied by the Duxbury Junior High School. Wooden posts outline the site of the foundation excavated by Roland Wells Robbins in 1960. A bronze marker is mounted on a granite stone 75 ft from the site with the inscription "Site of the John Alden House built 1627". The property is part of a 100 acre parcel granted to John Alden in 1628, and is about 750 ft from the Alden House, which abuts the town property.</p><br>
<p>The site has been of archaeological interest since the 19th century, when historical artifacts were found in the area. The first formal archaeological survey of the area was conducted in the 1950s, but archeologists did not locate the homestead foundation. The Alden Kindred Foundation, owners of the Alden House Historic Site, hired Robbins in 1960 to investigate the area. He located and excavated a granite foundation, 38 x in size, with evidence of a deep cellar hole underneath the western end. He excavated the area within the foundation, including the cellar, and recovered more than 7,000 historical artifacts and 2,000 prehistoric American Indian artifacts. Most of these were nails and other construction materials. A significant number of cultural artifacts provide evidence that the site was last occupied in the 1650s. In consultation with other archaeologists who analyzed the finds, and based on documentary evidence, Robbins assigned the house a construction date of 1632.</p><br>
<p>New fieldwork and a reinterpretation of Robbins work by Craig Chartier suggest that the foundation might be an addition to an older 20 x structure which was earthfast (built on wooden posts set in the ground), a building method known from other Plymouth Colony sites. Chartier concludes that this site was Aldens home for most of his time in Plymouth.</p><br>
<h2>Alden House Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>The Alden House Historic Site is a house museum that was home to John and Priscilla Alden, located at 105 Alden Street in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Family tradition held that the house was built in 1653 as the second home of John and Priscilla Alden, although the original building may have been as early as 1630. In 2003, dendrochronological and architectural analysis of the current structure suggests that it was built around 1700, after John and Priscilla were deceased.</p><br>
<p>Alden was ships cooper on the Mayflower who arrived in Plymouth Colony in 1620 and later moved to Duxbury. He was not a Pilgrim himself, but he was an important figure throughout the period of the Plymouth Colony. This house may have used materials from Aldens earlier house which was nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The sites were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, and were declared a National Historic Landmark on October 6, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Halltown Union Colored Sunday School, also known as the Halltown Memorial Chapel, in Halltown, West Virginia, was built in 1901 in the Gothic Revival style. The stone chapel was built by and for the local African-American community on a small parcel of land donated by Daniel B. Lucas from his Rion Hall estate, next to the Halltown Colored Free School. The non-denominational Sunday School operated until 1967, although the building continued in use for weddings and funerals. In 1982 a committee was formed to restore the building, which was carried out the next year.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Halltown Colored Free School in Halltown, West Virginia was built in 1870 to educate children from the African-American community in Halltown. The school was racially segregated from local schools for whites, in accordance with the laws of the time. It functioned in that capacity until 1929, when it was converted to a residence.</p><br>
<p>The school is to the left and behind the Halltown Union Colored Sunday School, and is owned by the same community organization.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Hager House is a two-story stone house in Hagerstown, Maryland, United States that dates to c. 1740. The house was built by Jonathan Hager, a German immigrant from Westphalia, who founded Hagerstown. The basement contains two spring-fed pools of water, providing a secure water source. Hager sold the property, then known as Hager&#39;s Fancy to Jacob Rohrer. The house remained in the Rohrer family until 1944, when it was acquired by the Washington County Historical Society. The restored house was given to the City of Hagerstown in 1954 and opened to the public in 1962 as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>The Hager House is located off Key Street in Hagerstown City Park, and is open for visits from April through December. Tours, on the hour, go from 10am to 4pm. The Hager House is the site of many activities throughout the year as well, including annual Fall Fest, Doll House Tours, Ghost Tours, and Archaeological Dig-It Tours.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On June 5, 1739, Jonathan Hager purchased 200 acres of land in the Great Appalachian Valley between the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Mountains in Maryland. This land is now part of Hagerstown City Park and downtown Hagerstown. Hager built the flagstone house on top of two freshwater springs and named the property, Hager&#39;s Fancy. The house was added to the National Historic Registry in 1974.</p><br>
<h3>Structure</h3><br>
<p>The Hager House is built in a German Colonial style with a single chimney in the middle of the house. The central chimney allowed more heat to fill the home, rather than escape through the outside walls like an English Colonial. In the summer, if the kitchen fireplace radiated too much heat, families used the Summer Kitchen located in the much cooler basement.</p><br>
<p>The house rests atop two freshwater springs that naturally run 40 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the year. The springs not only regulated the room&#39;s temperature, but also served as drinking water and preserved food like a modern-day refrigerator. Near the springs, the fireplace served many uses as well. While it was used to cook in the summer, the rest of the time Hager likely would have used it for blacksmithing.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the basement are constructed of 17-inch thick stone, offering protection from attacks and the elements.</p><br>
<p>Separating the springs from the other half of the basement is a large wall with an embrasure used for protection. This embrasure, similar to a Medieval castle&#39;s arrowslit, could be used to attack an incoming intruder while keeping Hager out of site. This other half of the basement was used to store animals in bad weather or come winter time. It kept the animals safe, and their body heat helped heat the home. The animals were brought in through a large Double Dutch Door. The top half of the door could be left open for light or fresh air.</p><br>
<p>To enter the basement without using the double Dutch door, there once was a trapdoor in the kitchen. The modern-day Hager House now has stairs that come from the former pantry. The first floor is divided into four rooms: the kitchen, parlor, hall, and trading post. Upstairs, the hall leads to two rooms, with a third branching off the Master Bedroom. This room eventually was used for children or girls of the home, so that they could be under their parents&#39; constant watch. Finally, another staircase leads to an attic, which was once used as a bedroom by renters of the home.</p><br>
<p>Outside there once was a barn, but it was torn down during renovation on the property. Now a Museum, with a small upstairs residence, stands in its place.</p><br>
<p>Second Reformed Dutch Church of Kingston is a historic Dutch Reformed church located at Kingston, Ulster County, New York. It was built in 1850, and is a meeting house form church building constructed of native limestone blocks in the Gothic Revival style. It features a monumental, buttressed central entry / bell tower rising several stories to a pyramidal roof.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The William Grubb Farm, also known as Conway and Brook Manor, is located near Charles Town, West Virginia. Built c. 1763 by William Grubb Jr., the house is a "stone-ender," with stone masonry at the gable ends of the house and log construction on the long sides, now covered with clapboards. The complex includes the house, a well course , a corn crib , a barn , and a Quaker burial ground .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In October 1734, Emanuel Grubb and John Grubb, Jr., the two oldest sons of John Grubb of Brandywine Hundred, Delaware, had 730 acre surveyed along the Bullskin Creek near Charles Town. While it is unlikely that either Emanuel or John, Jr. ever traveled to the area, the next year, Emanuels son John and John Grubb, Jr.s son, William posted a 100-pound bond to secure the title, listed as Tract 76, Map 3. William returned to Delaware, and Emanuels sons John, James, Frances, Benjamin and Emanuel Jr. settled in the area where they shipped hides back to the familys tannery in Delaware. In 1742, the family purchased two additional tracts, yielding 520 acre and nine years later purchased a further 400 acre.</p><br>
<p>At the time, this was a tough frontier region and Benjamin Grubb became one of its colorful figures. He and his associate David Morgan were once hauled before the magistrate after they took on all comers in a bar room brawl. However, by 1864 Benjamin was the last member of Emanuel Grubbs family in the area when he sold the remainder of Emanuels interest and relocated to North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>When John Grubb, Jr. died in 1758, his interest in the Bullskin Creek property was inherited by his son Adam, a Pennsylvania shipwright who had no use for the tract. He leased the property to his older brother William Grubb (1713–1775), a Delaware farmer who had traveled to the Bullskin area in the mid-1730s to represent his father when the land was first acquired. William was a leader in the Chichester, Pennsylvania Quaker Meeting and the church was interested in establishing a settlement in the Charles Town area. On September 1, 1762, William and his brother, Samuel (another Delaware Quaker farmer) received an additional 431 acre from Lord Fairfax.</p><br>
<p>With the war now over, it became reasonably safe to settle in the region, and Williams son, William Grubb, Jr. (1740 - c. 1810) relocated to the area from Delaware with his new bride, Susanna (probably Kerlin). William and Susannah ultimately inherited all of the familys Bullskin lands where they raised eight children. During the Revolution, William supplied over 100 barrels of whisky per month to his neighbor, George Washington. By 1800 a mill had been built, which operated until 1935. The Bullskin Run Quaker Meeting House was also on the property, but does not survive. When William, Jr. died, the property was inherited by William Grubb III (c. 1779 - c. 1858) who moved to Ohio in 1814 and sold the property to his sister Rebecca and her husband, John Haines. The house was expanded in 1880 by Warren Eby.</p><br>
